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Urology is a part of health care that deals with diseases of the male and female urinary tract (kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra). It also deals with the male organs that are able to make babies (penis, testes, scrotum, prostate, etc.). Since health problems in these body parts can happen to everyone, urologic health is important.

The disorders that may be treated by urologists include those involving the kidneys, the ureters (tubes connecting the kidneys to the bladder), the adrenal glands, the bladder and the urethra (the tube that passes urine out of the body from the bladder). In males, a urologist may also treat conditions of the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate and penis.

The field of urology involves the medical management of conditions such as urinary tract infection and prostate enlargement through to the surgical management of conditions such as bladder cancer, prostate cancer, kidney stones and stress incontinence.

What is the role of urologist?

Urologists diagnose and treat diseases of the urinary tract in both men and women. They also diagnose and treat anything involving the reproductive tract in men. In some cases, they may perform surgery. For example, they may remove cancer or open up a blockage in the urinary tract.

The urinary tract is the system that creates, stores, and removes urine from the body. Urologists can treat any part of this system. This includes the:

  • kidneys, which are the organs that filter waste out of the blood to produce urine
  • ureters, which are the tubes through which urine flows from the kidneys to the bladder
  • bladder, which is the hollow sac that stores urine
  • urethra, which is the tube through which urine travels from the bladder out of the body
  • adrenal glands, which are the glands located on top of each kidney that release hormones

When should you see a urologist?

Having any of these symptoms suggests you have a problem in the urinary tract:

  • blood in your urine
  • a frequent or urgent need to urinate
  • pain in your lower back, pelvis, or sides
  • pain or burning during urination
  • trouble urinating
  • urine leakage
  • weak urine flow, dribbling

Which conditions do urologists treat?

Urologists treat a wide variety of conditions that affect the urinary system and male reproductive system.

In men, urologists treat:

  • cancers of the bladder, kidneys, penis, testicles, and adrenal and
  • prostate glands
  • prostate gland enlargement
  • erectile dysfunction, or trouble getting or keeping an erection
  • infertility
  • interstitial cystitis, also called painful bladder syndrome
  • kidney diseases
  • kidney stones
  • prostatitis, which is inflammation of the prostate gland
  • urinary tract infections (UTIs)
  • varicoceles, or enlarged veins in the scrotum

In women, urologists treat:

  • bladder prolapse, or the dropping of the bladder into the vagina
  • cancers of the bladder, kidneys, and adrenal glands
  • interstitial cystitis
  • kidney stones
  • overactive bladder
  • UTIs
  • urinary incontinence

What procedures do urologists perform?

When you visit a urologist, they’ll start by doing one or more of these tests to find out what condition you have:

  • Imaging tests, such as a CT scan, MRI scan, or ultrasound, allow them to see inside your urinary tract.
  • They can order a cystogram, which involves taking X-ray images of your bladder.
  • Your urologist can perform a cystoscopy. This involves using a thin scope called a cystoscope to see the inside of your urethra and bladder.
  • They can perform a post-void residual urine test to find out how fast urine leaves your body during urination. It also shows how much urine is left in your bladder after you urinate.
  • They can use a urine sample to check your urine for bacteria that cause infections.
  • They can perform urodynamic testing to measure the pressure and volume inside your bladder.